Deviance is a concept that refers to behaviors or actions that go against societal norms. Among the different types of deviance identified by sociologists, retreatism is considered a pure form of deviance because it involves the complete rejection of both societal goals and the means to achieve them. Unlike other forms of deviance that may still seek success through unconventional means, retreatists withdraw from society altogether.
This topic explores why retreatism is regarded as a pure form of deviance, its characteristics, examples, and its impact on individuals and society.
1. Understanding Deviance and Retreatism
1.1 What Is Deviance?
Deviance refers to behaviors that violate social norms, whether they are formally established (laws) or informal expectations. Sociologist Robert Merton, in his Strain Theory, categorized deviance into different types based on how individuals respond to societal pressures. These include conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
1.2 What Is Retreatism?
Retreatism occurs when individuals reject both:
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Cultural goals (such as success, wealth, or social status).
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Institutionalized means (such as education, hard work, or lawful paths to achievement).
Unlike innovators who seek alternative methods to achieve success, retreatists withdraw completely from societal expectations. They often live on the margins of society, avoiding participation in mainstream activities.
2. Why Retreatism Is a Pure Form of Deviance
2.1 Total Rejection of Society
Retreatists do not attempt to change society or challenge its norms. Instead, they simply opt out, neither seeking success nor conforming to the means of achieving it. This makes retreatism a pure form of deviance because it is a complete departure from both cultural expectations and structural norms.
2.2 Lack of Alternative Goals
Other forms of deviance involve some pursuit of goals, even if through unconventional or illegal means. For example:
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Innovators still seek success but use illegitimate means (e.g., fraud, crime).
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Ritualists follow societal rules but abandon the goal of success (e.g., bureaucrats stuck in routine).
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Rebels reject both existing goals and means but replace them with their own ideology (e.g., revolutionaries).
Retreatists, however, pursue nothing, neither traditional success nor an alternative vision.
3. Examples of Retreatism in Society
3.1 Homelessness and Substance Abuse
Some individuals experiencing homelessness or addiction may fall into retreatism, rejecting both societal expectations and means of self-improvement. Rather than engaging in crime (innovation) or reform (rebellion), they withdraw completely from structured society.
3.2 Religious and Philosophical Isolation
Certain groups or individuals choose spiritual retreatism, rejecting materialistic society in favor of isolation. Some monks, hermits, or extreme ascetics abandon all worldly goals, preferring a life of solitude. While some may view this as enlightenment rather than deviance, in a sociological sense, it still represents withdrawal from societal norms.
3.3 Chronic Unemployment and Social Withdrawal
Some individuals give up on finding employment or engaging with society, retreating into a life of dependency, isolation, or inactivity. They may live with family members indefinitely, refuse to seek education or work, and avoid social interactions. This phenomenon is sometimes seen in "hikikomori" in Japan, where individuals isolate themselves for years.
4. Causes of Retreatism
4.1 Social and Economic Pressures
People may turn to retreatism due to unbearable social pressures, failures, or rejection. Those who feel they cannot succeed within the system may see no reason to participate at all.
4.2 Psychological and Mental Health Issues
Depression, anxiety, trauma, and other mental health struggles can lead individuals to withdraw from society, making them prone to retreatist behavior.
4.3 Substance Dependence
Drug and alcohol addiction can cause individuals to abandon societal roles, choosing instead to live in an isolated state, away from mainstream expectations.
4.4 Rejection of Materialism
Some people consciously reject consumer culture, competition, and career-oriented lifestyles. They may turn to alternative lifestyles, such as off-grid living or extreme minimalism, as an escape from societal pressures.
5. Consequences of Retreatism
5.1 Impact on Individuals
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Loss of opportunities – Without participation in society, retreatists often lack financial security and personal growth.
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Social isolation – Being disconnected from society can lead to loneliness and mental health issues.
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Vulnerability – Those who reject society may struggle with basic needs, safety, and well-being.
5.2 Impact on Society
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Economic burden – Some retreatists rely on social support systems or informal help from others.
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Cultural stagnation – If too many individuals withdraw, innovation and progress may slow.
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Crime and safety concerns – While retreatists are generally passive, extreme cases may involve neglected communities or increased illicit activities.
6. Coping Strategies and Solutions
6.1 Encouraging Social Reintegration
Governments and communities can help retreatists by offering:
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Mental health services
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Rehabilitation programs for substance abuse
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Job training and social support
6.2 Promoting Alternative Lifestyles
Not all retreatists are dysfunctional. Some seek simpler, less materialistic lives. Encouraging alternative but structured lifestyles, such as communal living, self-sustaining farms, or flexible work arrangements, can help integrate retreatists into society in meaningful ways.
6.3 Raising Awareness About Social Pressures
Many people turn to retreatism due to extreme societal pressure. Reducing unrealistic expectations of success and promoting work-life balance can prevent individuals from feeling forced to withdraw.
Retreatism is considered a pure form of deviance because it represents the complete rejection of both cultural goals and institutionalized means. Unlike other forms of deviance that still seek an alternative path to success, retreatists completely withdraw from mainstream society.
While retreatism can manifest in homelessness, addiction, or social withdrawal, it can also be seen in philosophical rejections of materialism. Understanding the causes and consequences of retreatism is crucial in finding ways to help individuals reintegrate into society or support alternative lifestyles that allow them to thrive in a different way.
Ultimately, whether retreatism is seen as a problem or a personal choice depends on the context and the extent to which it affects the individual and society.